from sympy import SYMPY_DEBUG
from sympy.core import (Basic, S, C, Add, Mul, Pow, Rational, Integer,
Derivative, Wild, Symbol, sympify, expand, expand_mul, expand_func,
Function, Equality, Dummy, Atom, count_ops)
from sympy.core.compatibility import iterable
from sympy.core.numbers import igcd
from sympy.core.function import expand_log
from sympy.utilities import flatten
from sympy.functions import gamma, exp, sqrt, log
from sympy.simplify.cse_main import cse
from sympy.polys import (Poly, together, reduced, cancel, factor,
ComputationFailed, terms_gcd)
from sympy.core.compatibility import reduce
import mpmath as mpmath
[docs]def fraction(expr, exact=False):
"""Returns a pair with expression's numerator and denominator.
If the given expression is not a fraction then this function
will return the tuple (expr, 1).
This function will not make any attempt to simplify nested
fractions or to do any term rewriting at all.
If only one of the numerator/denominator pair is needed then
use numer(expr) or denom(expr) functions respectively.
>>> from sympy import fraction, Rational, Symbol
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> fraction(x/y)
(x, y)
>>> fraction(x)
(x, 1)
>>> fraction(1/y**2)
(1, y**2)
>>> fraction(x*y/2)
(x*y, 2)
>>> fraction(Rational(1, 2))
(1, 2)
This function will also work fine with assumptions:
>>> k = Symbol('k', negative=True)
>>> fraction(x * y**k)
(x, y**(-k))
If we know nothing about sign of some exponent and 'exact'
flag is unset, then structure this exponent's structure will
be analyzed and pretty fraction will be returned:
>>> from sympy import exp
>>> fraction(2*x**(-y))
(2, x**y)
>>> fraction(exp(-x))
(1, exp(x))
>>> fraction(exp(-x), exact=True)
(exp(-x), 1)
"""
expr = sympify(expr)
numer, denom = [], []
for term in Mul.make_args(expr):
if term.is_Pow or term.func is exp:
b, ex = term.as_base_exp()
if ex.is_negative:
if ex is S.NegativeOne:
denom.append(b)
else:
denom.append(Pow(b, -ex))
elif not exact and ex.is_Mul:
n, d = term.as_numer_denom()
numer.append(n)
denom.append(d)
else:
numer.append(term)
elif term.is_Rational:
n, d = term.as_numer_denom()
numer.append(n)
denom.append(d)
else:
numer.append(term)
return Mul(*numer), Mul(*denom)
def numer(expr):
return fraction(expr)[0]
def denom(expr):
return fraction(expr)[1]
def fraction_expand(expr):
a, b = fraction(expr)
return a.expand() / b.expand()
def numer_expand(expr):
a, b = fraction(expr)
return a.expand() / b
def denom_expand(expr):
a, b = fraction(expr)
return a / b.expand()
[docs]def separate(expr, deep=False, force=False):
"""A wrapper to expand(power_base=True) which separates a power
with a base that is a Mul into a product of powers, without performing
any other expansions, provided that assumptions about the power's base
and exponent allow.
deep=True (default is False) will do separations inside functions.
force=True (default is False) will cause the expansion to ignore
assumptions about the base and exponent. When False, the expansion will
only happen if the base is non-negative or the exponent is an integer.
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z
>>> from sympy import separate, sin, cos, exp
>>> (x*y)**2
x**2*y**2
>>> (2*x)**y
(2*x)**y
>>> separate(_)
2**y*x**y
>>> separate((x*y)**z)
(x*y)**z
>>> separate((x*y)**z, force=True)
x**z*y**z
>>> separate(sin((x*y)**z))
sin((x*y)**z)
>>> separate(sin((x*y)**z), deep=True, force=True)
sin(x**z*y**z)
>>> separate((2*sin(x))**y + (2*cos(x))**y)
2**y*sin(x)**y + 2**y*cos(x)**y
>>> separate((2*exp(y))**x)
2**x*exp(x*y)
>>> separate((2*cos(x))**y)
2**y*cos(x)**y
Notice that summations are left untouched. If this is not the
desired behavior, apply 'expand' to the expression:
>>> separate(((x+y)*z)**2)
z**2*(x + y)**2
>>> (((x+y)*z)**2).expand()
x**2*z**2 + 2*x*y*z**2 + y**2*z**2
>>> separate((2*y)**(1+z))
2**(z + 1)*y**(z + 1)
>>> ((2*y)**(1+z)).expand()
2*2**z*y*y**z
"""
return sympify(expr).expand(deep=deep, mul=False, power_exp=False,\
power_base=True, basic=False, multinomial=False, log=False, force=force)
[docs]def collect(expr, syms, evaluate=True, exact=False):
"""
Collect additive terms with respect to a list of symbols up
to powers with rational exponents. By the term symbol here
are meant arbitrary expressions, which can contain powers,
products, sums etc. In other words symbol is a pattern
which will be searched for in the expression's terms.
This function will not apply any redundant expanding to the
input expression, so user is assumed to enter expression in
final form. This makes 'collect' more predictable as there
is no magic behind the scenes. However it is important to
note, that powers of products are converted to products of
powers using 'separate' function.
There are two possible types of output. First, if 'evaluate'
flag is set, this function will return a single expression
or else it will return a dictionary with separated symbols
up to rational powers as keys and collected sub-expressions
as values respectively.
>>> from sympy import collect, sympify, Wild
>>> from sympy.abc import a, b, c, x, y, z
This function can collect symbolic coefficients in polynomial
or rational expressions. It will manage to find all integer or
rational powers of collection variable:
>>> collect(a*x**2 + b*x**2 + a*x - b*x + c, x)
c + x**2*(a + b) + x*(a - b)
The same result can be achieved in dictionary form:
>>> d = collect(a*x**2 + b*x**2 + a*x - b*x + c, x, evaluate=False)
>>> d[x**2]
a + b
>>> d[x]
a - b
>>> d[sympify(1)]
c
You can also work with multi-variate polynomials. However
remember that this function is greedy so it will care only
about a single symbol at time, in specification order:
>>> collect(x**2 + y*x**2 + x*y + y + a*y, [x, y])
x**2*(y + 1) + x*y + y*(a + 1)
Also more complicated expressions can be used as patterns:
>>> from sympy import sin, log
>>> collect(a*sin(2*x) + b*sin(2*x), sin(2*x))
(a + b)*sin(2*x)
>>> collect(a*x*log(x) + b*(x*log(x)), x*log(x))
x*(a + b)*log(x)
You can use wildcards in the pattern
>>> w = Wild('w1')
>>> collect(a*x**y - b*x**y, w**y)
x**y*(a - b)
It is also possible to work with symbolic powers, although
it has more complicated behavior, because in this case
power's base and symbolic part of the exponent are treated
as a single symbol:
>>> collect(a*x**c + b*x**c, x)
a*x**c + b*x**c
>>> collect(a*x**c + b*x**c, x**c)
x**c*(a + b)
However if you incorporate rationals to the exponents, then
you will get well known behavior:
>>> collect(a*x**(2*c) + b*x**(2*c), x**c)
(a + b)*(x**2)**c
Note also that all previously stated facts about 'collect'
function apply to the exponential function, so you can get:
>>> from sympy import exp
>>> collect(a*exp(2*x) + b*exp(2*x), exp(x))
(a + b)*exp(2*x)
If you are interested only in collecting specific powers
of some symbols then set 'exact' flag in arguments:
>>> collect(a*x**7 + b*x**7, x, exact=True)
a*x**7 + b*x**7
>>> collect(a*x**7 + b*x**7, x**7, exact=True)
x**7*(a + b)
You can also apply this function to differential equations, where
derivatives of arbitrary order can be collected. Note that if you
collect with respect to a function or a derivative of a function,
all derivatives of that function will also be collected. Use
exact=True to prevent this from happening:
>>> from sympy import Derivative as D, collect, Function
>>> f = Function('f') (x)
>>> collect(a*D(f,x) + b*D(f,x), D(f,x))
(a + b)*Derivative(f(x), x)
>>> collect(a*D(D(f,x),x) + b*D(D(f,x),x), f)
(a + b)*Derivative(f(x), x, x)
>>> collect(a*D(D(f,x),x) + b*D(D(f,x),x), D(f,x), exact=True)
a*Derivative(f(x), x, x) + b*Derivative(f(x), x, x)
>>> collect(a*D(f,x) + b*D(f,x) + a*f + b*f, f,x)
(a + b)*f(x) + (a + b)*Derivative(f(x), x)
Or you can even match both derivative order and exponent at the same
time.
>>> collect(a*D(D(f,x),x)**2 + b*D(D(f,x),x)**2, D(f,x))
(a + b)*Derivative(f(x), x, x)**2
Note: arguments are expected to be in expanded form, so you might have
to call expand() prior to calling this function.
"""
def make_expression(terms):
product = []
for term, rat, sym, deriv in terms:
if deriv is not None:
var, order = deriv
while order > 0:
term, order = Derivative(term, var), order-1
if sym is None:
if rat is S.One:
product.append(term)
else:
product.append(Pow(term, rat))
else:
product.append(Pow(term, rat*sym))
return Mul(*product)
def parse_derivative(deriv):
# scan derivatives tower in the input expression and return
# underlying function and maximal differentiation order
expr, sym, order = deriv.expr, deriv.variables[0], 1
for s in deriv.variables[1:]:
if s == sym:
order += 1
else:
raise NotImplementedError('Improve MV Derivative support in collect')
while isinstance(expr, Derivative):
s0 = expr.variables[0]
for s in expr.variables:
if s != s0:
raise NotImplementedError('Improve MV Derivative support in collect')
if s0 == sym:
expr, order = expr.expr, order+len(expr.variables)
else:
break
return expr, (sym, Rational(order))
def parse_term(expr):
"""Parses expression expr and outputs tuple (sexpr, rat_expo, sym_expo, deriv)
where:
- sexpr is the base expression
- rat_expo is the rational exponent that sexpr is raised to
- sym_expo is the symbolic exponent that sexpr is raised to
- deriv contains the derivatives the the expression
for example, the output of x would be (x, 1, None, None)
the output of 2**x would be (2, 1, x, None)
"""
rat_expo, sym_expo = S.One, None
sexpr, deriv = expr, None
if expr.is_Pow:
if isinstance(expr.base, Derivative):
sexpr, deriv = parse_derivative(expr.base)
else:
sexpr = expr.base
if expr.exp.is_Rational:
rat_expo = expr.exp
elif expr.exp.is_Mul:
coeff, tail = expr.exp.as_coeff_mul()
if coeff.is_Rational:
rat_expo, sym_expo = coeff, expr.exp._new_rawargs(*tail)
else:
sym_expo = expr.exp
else:
sym_expo = expr.exp
elif expr.func is C.exp:
arg = expr.args[0]
if arg.is_Rational:
sexpr, rat_expo = S.Exp1, arg
elif arg.is_Mul:
coeff, tail = arg.as_coeff_mul()
if coeff.is_Rational:
sexpr, rat_expo = C.exp(arg._new_rawargs(*tail)), coeff
elif isinstance(expr, Derivative):
sexpr, deriv = parse_derivative(expr)
return sexpr, rat_expo, sym_expo, deriv
def parse_expression(terms, pattern):
"""Parse terms searching for a pattern.
terms is a list of tuples as returned by parse_terms;
pattern is an expression treated as a product of factors
"""
pattern = Mul.make_args(pattern)
if len(terms) < len(pattern):
# pattern is longer than matched product
# so no chance for positive parsing result
return None
else:
pattern = [parse_term(elem) for elem in pattern]
terms = terms[:] # need a copy
elems, common_expo, has_deriv = [], None, False
for elem, e_rat, e_sym, e_ord in pattern:
if elem.is_Number:
# a constant is a match for everything
continue
for j in range(len(terms)):
if terms[j] is None:
continue
term, t_rat, t_sym, t_ord = terms[j]
# keeping track of whether one of the terms had
# a derivative or not as this will require rebuilding
# the expression later
if t_ord is not None:
has_deriv= True
if (term.match(elem) is not None and \
(t_sym == e_sym or t_sym is not None and \
e_sym is not None and \
t_sym.match(e_sym) is not None)):
if exact == False:
# we don't have to be exact so find common exponent
# for both expression's term and pattern's element
expo = t_rat / e_rat
if common_expo is None:
# first time
common_expo = expo
else:
# common exponent was negotiated before so
# there is no chance for a pattern match unless
# common and current exponents are equal
if common_expo != expo:
common_expo = 1
else:
# we ought to be exact so all fields of
# interest must match in every details
if e_rat != t_rat or e_ord != t_ord:
continue
# found common term so remove it from the expression
# and try to match next element in the pattern
elems.append(terms[j])
terms[j] = None
break
else:
# pattern element not found
return None
return filter(None, terms), elems, common_expo, has_deriv
if evaluate:
if expr.is_Mul:
ret = 1
for term in expr.args:
ret *= collect(term, syms, True, exact)
return ret
elif expr.is_Pow:
b = collect(expr.base, syms, True, exact)
return Pow(b, expr.exp)
summa = [separate(i) for i in Add.make_args(sympify(expr))]
if hasattr(syms, '__iter__') or hasattr(syms, '__getitem__'):
syms = [separate(s) for s in syms]
else:
syms = [separate(syms)]
collected, disliked = {}, S.Zero
for product in summa:
terms = [parse_term(i) for i in Mul.make_args(product)]
for symbol in syms:
if SYMPY_DEBUG:
print "DEBUG: parsing of expression %s with symbol %s " % (str(terms), str(symbol))
result = parse_expression(terms, symbol)
if SYMPY_DEBUG:
print "DEBUG: returned %s" % str(result)
if result is not None:
terms, elems, common_expo, has_deriv = result
# when there was derivative in current pattern we
# will need to rebuild its expression from scratch
if not has_deriv:
index = 1
for elem in elems:
index *= Pow(elem[0], elem[1])
if elem[2] is not None:
index **= elem[2]
else:
index = make_expression(elems)
terms = separate(make_expression(terms))
index = separate(index)
if index in collected.keys():
collected[index] += terms
else:
collected[index] = terms
break
else:
# none of the patterns matched
disliked += product
if disliked is not S.Zero:
collected[S.One] = disliked
if evaluate:
return Add(*[a*b for a, b in collected.iteritems()])
else:
return collected
def rcollect(expr, *vars):
"""
Recursively collect sums in an expression.
Example
=======
>>> from sympy.simplify import rcollect
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> expr = (x**2*y + x*y + x + y)/(x + y)
>>> rcollect(expr, y)
(x + y*(x**2 + x + 1))/(x + y)
"""
if expr.is_Atom or not expr.has(*vars):
return expr
else:
expr = expr.__class__(*[ rcollect(arg, *vars) for arg in expr.args ])
if expr.is_Add:
return collect(expr, vars)
else:
return expr
def separatevars(expr, symbols=[], dict=False, force=False):
"""
Separates variables in an expression, if possible. By
default, it separates with respect to all symbols in an
expression and collects constant coefficients that are
independent of symbols.
If dict=True then the separated terms will be returned
in a dictionary keyed to their corresponding symbols.
By default, all symbols in the expression will appear as
keys; if symbols are provided, then all those symbols will
be used as keys, and any terms in the expression containing
other symbols or non-symbols will be returned keyed to the
string 'coeff'.
If force=True, then power bases will only be separated if assumptions allow.
Note: the order of the factors is determined by Mul, so that the
separated expressions may not necessarily be grouped together.
Examples:
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z, alpha
>>> from sympy import separatevars, sin
>>> separatevars((x*y)**y)
(x*y)**y
>>> separatevars((x*y)**y, force=True)
x**y*y**y
>>> separatevars(2*x**2*z*sin(y)+2*z*x**2)
2*x**2*z*(sin(y) + 1)
>>> separatevars(2*x+y*sin(x))
2*x + y*sin(x)
>>> separatevars(2*x**2*z*sin(y)+2*z*x**2, symbols=(x, y), dict=True)
{'coeff': 2*z, x: x**2, y: sin(y) + 1}
>>> separatevars(2*x**2*z*sin(y)+2*z*x**2, [x, y, alpha], dict=True)
{'coeff': 2*z, alpha: 1, x: x**2, y: sin(y) + 1}
If the expression is not really separable, or is only partially
separable, separatevars will do the best it can to separate it.
>>> separatevars(x+x*y-3*(x**2))
-x*(3*x - y - 1)
If the expression is not separable then expr is returned unchanged
or (if dict=True) then None is returned.
>>> eq = 2*x+y*sin(x)
>>> separatevars(eq) == eq
True
>>> separatevars(2*x+y*sin(x), symbols=(x, y), dict=True) == None
True
"""
if dict:
return _separatevars_dict(_separatevars(expr, force), *symbols)
else:
return _separatevars(expr, force)
def _separatevars(expr, force):
# get a Pow ready for expansion
if expr.is_Pow:
expr = Pow(separatevars(expr.base, force=force), expr.exp)
# First try other expansion methods
expr = expr.expand(mul=False, multinomial=False, force=force)
_expr = expr.expand(power_exp=False, deep=False, force=force)
if not force:
# factor will expand bases so we mask them off now
pows = [p for p in _expr.atoms(Pow) if p.base.is_Mul]
dums = [Dummy(str(i)) for i in xrange(len(pows))]
_expr = _expr.subs(dict(zip(pows, dums)))
_expr = factor(_expr, expand=False)
if not force:
# and retore them
_expr = _expr.subs(dict(zip(dums, pows)))
if not _expr.is_Add:
expr = _expr
if expr.is_Add:
nonsepar = sympify(0)
# Find any common coefficients to pull out
commoncsetlist = []
for i in expr.args:
if i.is_Mul:
commoncsetlist.append(set(i.args))
else:
commoncsetlist.append(set((i,)))
commoncset = set(flatten(commoncsetlist))
commonc = sympify(1)
for i in commoncsetlist:
commoncset = commoncset.intersection(i)
commonc = Mul(*commoncset)
for i in expr.args:
coe = i.extract_multiplicatively(commonc)
if coe == None:
nonsepar += sympify(1)
else:
nonsepar += coe
if nonsepar == 0:
return commonc
else:
return commonc*nonsepar
else:
return expr
def _separatevars_dict(expr, *symbols):
if symbols:
assert all((t.is_Atom for t in symbols)), "symbols must be Atoms."
ret = dict(((i, S.One) for i in symbols + ('coeff',)))
for i in Mul.make_args(expr):
expsym = i.free_symbols
intersection = set(symbols).intersection(expsym)
if len(intersection) > 1:
return None
if len(intersection) == 0:
# There are no symbols, so it is part of the coefficient
ret['coeff'] *= i
else:
ret[intersection.pop()] *= i
return ret
[docs]def ratsimp(expr):
"""Put an expression over a common denominator, cancel and reduce.
== Examples ==
>>> from sympy import ratsimp
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> ratsimp(1/x + 1/y)
(x + y)/(x*y)
"""
f, g = cancel(expr).as_numer_denom()
try:
Q, r = reduced(f, [g], field=True, expand=False)
except ComputationFailed:
return f/g
return Add(*Q) + cancel(r/g)
[docs]def trigsimp(expr, deep=False, recursive=False):
"""
== Usage ==
trigsimp(expr) -> reduces expression by using known trig identities
== Notes ==
deep:
- Apply trigsimp inside functions
recursive:
- Use common subexpression elimination (cse()) and apply
trigsimp recursively (recursively==True is quite expensive
operation if the expression is large)
== Examples ==
>>> from sympy import trigsimp, sin, cos, log
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> e = 2*sin(x)**2 + 2*cos(x)**2
>>> trigsimp(e)
2
>>> trigsimp(log(e))
log(2*sin(x)**2 + 2*cos(x)**2)
>>> trigsimp(log(e), deep=True)
log(2)
"""
sin, cos, tan, cot = C.sin, C.cos, C.tan, C.cot
if not expr.has(sin, cos, tan, cot):
return expr
if recursive:
w, g = cse(expr)
g = trigsimp_nonrecursive(g[0])
for sub in reversed(w):
g = g.subs(sub[0], sub[1])
g = trigsimp_nonrecursive(g)
result = g
else:
result = trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr, deep)
return result
def trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr, deep=False):
"""
A nonrecursive trig simplifier, used from trigsimp.
== Usage ==
trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr) -> reduces expression by using known trig
identities
== Notes ==
deep ........ apply trigsimp inside functions
== Examples ==
>>> from sympy import cos, sin, log
>>> from sympy.simplify.simplify import trigsimp, trigsimp_nonrecursive
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y
>>> e = 2*sin(x)**2 + 2*cos(x)**2
>>> trigsimp(e)
2
>>> trigsimp_nonrecursive(log(e))
log(2*sin(x)**2 + 2*cos(x)**2)
>>> trigsimp_nonrecursive(log(e), deep=True)
log(2)
"""
sin, cos, tan, cot = C.sin, C.cos, C.tan, C.cot
if expr.is_Function:
if deep:
return expr.func(trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr.args[0], deep))
elif expr.is_Mul:
# do some simplifications like sin/cos -> tan:
a,b,c = map(Wild, 'abc')
matchers = (
(a*sin(b)**c/cos(b)**c, a*tan(b)**c),
(a*tan(b)**c*cos(b)**c, a*sin(b)**c),
(a*cot(b)**c*sin(b)**c, a*cos(b)**c),
(a*tan(b)**c/sin(b)**c, a/cos(b)**c),
(a*cot(b)**c/cos(b)**c, a/sin(b)**c),
)
for pattern, simp in matchers:
res = expr.match(pattern)
if res is not None:
# if c is missing or zero, do nothing:
if (not c in res) or res[c] == 0:
continue
# if "a" contains any of sin("b"), cos("b"), tan("b") or cot("b),
# skip the simplification:
if res[a].has(cos(res[b]), sin(res[b]), tan(res[b]), cot(res[b])):
continue
# simplify and finish:
expr = simp.subs(res)
break
if not expr.is_Mul:
return trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr, deep)
ret = S.One
for x in expr.args:
ret *= trigsimp_nonrecursive(x, deep)
return ret
elif expr.is_Pow:
return Pow(trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr.base, deep),
trigsimp_nonrecursive(expr.exp, deep))
elif expr.is_Add:
# TODO this needs to be faster
# The types of trig functions we are looking for
a,b,c = map(Wild, 'abc')
matchers = (
(a*sin(b)**2, a - a*cos(b)**2),
(a*tan(b)**2, a*(1/cos(b))**2 - a),
(a*cot(b)**2, a*(1/sin(b))**2 - a)
)
# Scan for the terms we need
ret = S.Zero
for term in expr.args:
term = trigsimp_nonrecursive(term, deep)
res = None
for pattern, result in matchers:
res = term.match(pattern)
if res is not None:
ret += result.subs(res)
break
if res is None:
ret += term
# Reduce any lingering artifacts, such as sin(x)**2 changing
# to 1-cos(x)**2 when sin(x)**2 was "simpler"
artifacts = (
(a - a*cos(b)**2 + c, a*sin(b)**2 + c, cos),
(a - a*(1/cos(b))**2 + c, -a*tan(b)**2 + c, cos),
(a - a*(1/sin(b))**2 + c, -a*cot(b)**2 + c, sin)
)
expr = ret
for pattern, result, ex in artifacts:
# Substitute a new wild that excludes some function(s)
# to help influence a better match. This is because
# sometimes, for example, 'a' would match sec(x)**2
a_t = Wild('a', exclude=[ex])
pattern = pattern.subs(a, a_t)
result = result.subs(a, a_t)
if expr.is_number:
continue
m = expr.match(pattern)
while m is not None:
if m[a_t] == 0 or -m[a_t] in m[c].args or m[a_t] + m[c] == 0:
break
expr = result.subs(m)
m = expr.match(pattern)
return expr
return expr
[docs]def radsimp(expr):
"""
Rationalize the denominator.
Examples:
>>> from sympy import radsimp, sqrt, Symbol
>>> radsimp(1/(2+sqrt(2)))
-2**(1/2)/2 + 1
>>> x,y = map(Symbol, 'xy')
>>> e = ((2+2*sqrt(2))*x+(2+sqrt(8))*y)/(2+sqrt(2))
>>> radsimp(e)
2**(1/2)*x + 2**(1/2)*y
"""
n,d = fraction(expr)
a,b,c = map(Wild, 'abc')
r = d.match(a+b*sqrt(c))
if r is not None:
a = r[a]
if r[b] == 0:
b,c = 0,0
else:
b,c = r[b],r[c]
syms = list(n.atoms(Symbol))
n = collect((n*(a-b*sqrt(c))).expand(), syms)
d = a**2 - c*b**2
return n/d
def posify(eq):
"""Return eq (with generic symbols made positive) and a restore dictionary.
Any symbol that has positive=None will be replaced with a positive dummy
symbol having the same name. This replacement will allow more symbolic
processing of expressions, especially those involving powers and logarithms.
A dictionary that can be sent to subs to restore eq to its original symbols
is also returned.
>>> from sympy import posify, Symbol, log
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> posify(x + Symbol('p', positive=True) + Symbol('n', negative=True))
(_x + n + p, {_x: x})
>> log(1/x).expand() # should be log(1/x) but it comes back as -log(x)
log(1/x)
>>> log(posify(1/x)[0]).expand() # take [0] and ignore replacements
-log(_x)
>>> eq, rep = posify(1/x)
>>> log(eq).expand().subs(rep)
-log(x)
>>> posify([x, 1 + x])
([_x, _x + 1], {_x: x})
"""
eq = sympify(eq)
if iterable(eq):
f = type(eq)
eq = list(eq)
syms = set()
for e in eq:
syms = syms.union(e.atoms(C.Symbol))
reps = {}
for s in syms:
reps.update(dict((v, k) for k, v in posify(s)[1].items()))
for i, e in enumerate(eq):
eq[i] = e.subs(reps)
return f(eq), dict([(r,s) for s, r in reps.iteritems()])
reps = dict([(s, Dummy(s.name, positive=True))
for s in eq.atoms(Symbol) if s.is_positive is None])
eq = eq.subs(reps)
return eq, dict([(r,s) for s, r in reps.iteritems()])
def powdenest(eq, force=False):
"""
Collect exponents on powers as assumptions allow.
Given (bb**be)**e, this can be simplified as follows:
o if bb is positive or e is an integer, bb**(be*e)
o if be has an integer in the denominatory, then
all integers from its numerator can be joined with e
Given a product of powers raised to a power, (bb1**be1 * bb2**be2...)**e,
simplification can be done as follows:
o if e is positive, the gcd of all bei can be joined with e;
o all non-negative bb can be separated from those that are negative
and their gcd can be joined with e; autosimplification already
handles this separation.
o integer factors from powers that have integers in the denominator
of the exponent can be removed from any term and the gcd of such
integers can be joined with e
Setting ``force`` to True will make symbols that are not explicitly
negative behave as though they are positive, resulting in more
denesting.
When there are sums of logs in exp() then a product of powers may be
obtained e.g. exp(3*(log(a) + 2*log(b))) - > a**3*b**6.
Examples:
>>> from sympy.abc import a, b, x, y, z
>>> from sympy import Symbol, exp, log, sqrt, symbols, powdenest
>>> powdenest((x**(2*a/3))**(3*x))
(x**(a/3))**(6*x)
>>> powdenest(exp(3*x*log(2)))
2**(3*x)
Assumptions may prevent expansion:
>> powdenest(sqrt(x**2)) # activate when log rules are fixed
(x**2)**(1/2)
>>> p = symbols('p', positive=True)
>>> powdenest(sqrt(p**2))
p
No other expansion is done.
>>> i, j = symbols('i,j', integer=1)
>>> powdenest((x**x)**(i + j)) # -X-> (x**x)**i*(x**x)**j
x**(x*(i + j))
But exp() will be denested by moving all non-log terms outside of
the function; this may result in the collapsing of the exp to a power
with a different base:
>>> powdenest(exp(3*y*log(x)))
x**(3*y)
>>> powdenest(exp(y*(log(a) + log(b))))
(a*b)**y
>>> powdenest(exp(3*(log(a) + log(b))))
a**3*b**3
If assumptions allow, symbols can also be moved to the outermost exponent:
>>> i = Symbol('i', integer=True)
>>> p = Symbol('p', positive=True)
>>> powdenest(((x**(2*i))**(3*y))**x)
((x**(2*i))**(3*y))**x
>>> powdenest(((x**(2*i))**(3*y))**x, force=1)
x**(6*i*x*y)
>> powdenest(((p**(2*a))**(3*y))**x) # activate when log rules are fixed
p**(6*a*x*y)
>>> powdenest(((x**(2*a/3))**(3*y/i))**x)
((x**(a/3))**(y/i))**(6*x)
>>> powdenest((x**(2*i)*y**(4*i))**z,1)
(x*y**2)**(2*i*z)
>>> n = Symbol('n', negative=1)
>> powdenest((x**i)**y, force=1) # activate when log rules are fixed
x**(i*y)
>> powdenest((n**i)**x, force=1) # activate when log rules are fixed
(n**i)**x
"""
if force:
eq, rep = posify(eq)
return powdenest(eq, force=0).subs(rep)
eq = S(eq)
if eq.is_Atom:
return eq
# handle everything that is not a power
# if subs would work then one could replace the following with
# return eq.subs(dict([(p, powdenest(p)) for p in eq.atoms(Pow)]))
# but subs expands (3**x)**2 to 3**x * 3**x so the 3**(5*x)
# is not recognized; in addition, that would take 2 passes through
# the expression (once to find Pows and again to replace them). The
# following does it in one pass. Which is more important, efficiency
# or simplicity? On the other hand, this only does a shallow replacement
# and doesn't enter Integrals or functions, etc... so perhaps the subs
# approach (or adding a deep flag) is the thing to do.
if not eq.is_Pow and not eq.func is exp:
args = list(Add.make_args(eq))
rebuild = False
for i, arg in enumerate(args):
margs = list(Mul.make_args(arg))
changed = False
for j, m in enumerate(margs):
if not m.is_Pow:
continue
m = powdenest(m, force=force)
if m != margs[j]:
changed = True
margs[j] = m
if changed:
rebuild = True
args[i] = C.Mul(*margs)
if rebuild:
eq = eq.func(*args)
return eq
b, e = eq.as_base_exp()
# denest exp with log terms in exponent
if b is S.Exp1 and e.is_Mul:
logs = []
other = []
efunc = C.Mul
for ei in Mul.make_args(e):
if any(aj.func is C.log for a in Mul.make_args(ei)
for ai in Add.make_args(a) for aj in Mul.make_args(ai)):
logs.append(ei)
else:
other.append(ei)
logs = logcombine(efunc(*logs), force=force)
return Pow(C.exp(logs), efunc(*other))
bb, be = b.as_base_exp()
if be is S.One and not (b.is_Mul or b.is_Rational):
return eq
# denest eq which is either Pow**e or Mul**e
if force or e.is_integer:
# replace all non-explicitly negative symbols with positive dummies
syms = eq.atoms(Symbol)
rep = [(s, C.Dummy(s.name, positive=True)) for s in syms if not s.is_negative]
sub = eq.subs(rep)
else:
rep = []
sub = eq
# if any factor is a bare symbol then there is nothing to be done
b, e = sub.as_base_exp()
if e is S.One or any(s.is_Symbol for s in Mul.make_args(b)):
return sub.subs([(new, old) for old, new in rep])
# let log handle the case of the base of the argument being a mul, e.g.
# sqrt(x**(2*i)*y**(6*i)) -> x**i*y**(3**i)
gcd = terms_gcd(log(b).expand(log=1))
if gcd.func is C.log or not gcd.is_Mul:
if hasattr(gcd.args[0], 'exp'):
gcd = powdenest(gcd.args[0])
c, _ = gcd.exp.as_coeff_mul()
ok = c.p != 1
if ok:
ok = c.q != 1
if not ok:
n, d = gcd.exp.as_numer_denom()
ok = d is not S.One and any(di.is_integer for di in Mul.make_args(d))
if ok:
return Pow(Pow(gcd.base, gcd.exp/c.p), c.p*e)
elif e.is_Mul:
return Pow(b, e).subs([(new, old) for old, new in rep])
return eq
else:
add= []
other = []
for g in gcd.args:
if g.is_Add:
add.append(g)
else:
other.append(g)
return powdenest(Pow(exp(logcombine(Mul(*add))), e*Mul(*other))).subs([(new, old) for old, new in rep])
[docs]def powsimp(expr, deep=False, combine='all', force=False):
"""
== Usage ==
powsimp(expr, deep) -> reduces expression by combining powers with
similar bases and exponents.
== Notes ==
If deep is True then powsimp() will also simplify arguments of
functions. By default deep is set to False.
If force is True then bases will be combined without checking for
assumptions, e.g. sqrt(x)*sqrt(y) -> sqrt(x*y) which is not true
if x and y are both negative.
You can make powsimp() only combine bases or only combine exponents by
changing combine='base' or combine='exp'. By default, combine='all',
which does both. combine='base' will only combine::
a a a 2x x
x * y => (x*y) as well as things like 2 => 4
and combine='exp' will only combine
::
a b (a + b)
x * x => x
combine='exp' will strictly only combine exponents in the way that used
to be automatic. Also use deep=True if you need the old behavior.
When combine='all', 'exp' is evaluated first. Consider the first
example below for when there could be an ambiguity relating to this.
This is done so things like the second example can be completely
combined. If you want 'base' combined first, do something like
powsimp(powsimp(expr, combine='base'), combine='exp').
== Examples ==
>>> from sympy import powsimp, exp, log, symbols
>>> from sympy.abc import x, y, z, n
>>> powsimp(x**y*x**z*y**z, combine='all')
x**(y + z)*y**z
>>> powsimp(x**y*x**z*y**z, combine='exp')
x**(y + z)*y**z
>>> powsimp(x**y*x**z*y**z, combine='base', force=True)
x**y*(x*y)**z
>>> powsimp(x**z*x**y*n**z*n**y, combine='all', force=True)
(n*x)**(y + z)
>>> powsimp(x**z*x**y*n**z*n**y, combine='exp')
n**(y + z)*x**(y + z)
>>> powsimp(x**z*x**y*n**z*n**y, combine='base', force=True)
(n*x)**y*(n*x)**z
>>> x, y = symbols('x y', positive=True)
>>> powsimp(log(exp(x)*exp(y)))
log(exp(x)*exp(y))
>>> powsimp(log(exp(x)*exp(y)), deep=True)
x + y
"""
if combine not in ['all', 'exp', 'base']:
raise ValueError("combine must be one of ('all', 'exp', 'base').")
y = Dummy('y')
if expr.is_Pow:
if deep:
return powsimp(y*powsimp(expr.base, deep, combine, force)**powsimp(\
expr.exp, deep, combine, force), deep, combine, force)/y
else:
return powsimp(y*expr, deep, combine, force)/y # Trick it into being a Mul
elif expr.is_Function:
if expr.func is exp and deep:
# Exp should really be like Pow
return powsimp(y*exp(powsimp(expr.args[0], deep, combine, force)), deep, combine, force)/y
elif expr.func is exp and not deep:
return powsimp(y*expr, deep, combine, force)/y
elif deep:
return expr.func(*[powsimp(t, deep, combine, force) for t in expr.args])
else:
return expr
elif expr.is_Add:
return Add(*[powsimp(t, deep, combine, force) for t in expr.args])
elif expr.is_Mul:
if combine in ('exp', 'all'):
# Collect base/exp data, while maintaining order in the
# non-commutative parts of the product
if combine is 'all' and deep and any((t.is_Add for t in expr.args)):
# Once we get to 'base', there is no more 'exp', so we need to
# distribute here.
return powsimp(expand_mul(expr, deep=False), deep, combine, force)
c_powers = {}
nc_part = []
newexpr = sympify(1)
for term in expr.args:
if term.is_Add and deep:
newexpr *= powsimp(term, deep, combine, force)
else:
if term.is_commutative:
b, e = term.as_base_exp()
if deep:
b, e = [powsimp(i, deep, combine, force) for i in [b, e]]
c_powers.setdefault(b, []).append(e)
else:
# This is the logic that combines exponents for equal,
# but non-commutative bases: A**x*A**y == A**(x+y).
if nc_part:
b1, e1 = nc_part[-1].as_base_exp()
b2, e2 = term.as_base_exp()
if (b1 == b2 and
e1.is_commutative and e2.is_commutative):
nc_part[-1] = Pow(b1, Add(e1, e2))
continue
nc_part.append(term)
# add up exponents of common bases
for b, e in c_powers.iteritems():
c_powers[b] = Add(*e)
# check for base and inverted base pairs
be = c_powers.items()
skip = set() # skip if we already saw them
for b, e in be:
if b in skip:
continue
bpos = b.is_positive
if bpos:
binv = 1/b
if b != binv and binv in c_powers:
if b.as_numer_denom()[0] is S.One:
c_powers.pop(b)
c_powers[binv] -= e
else:
skip.add(binv)
e = c_powers.pop(binv)
c_powers[b] -= e
newexpr = Mul(*([newexpr] + [Pow(b, e) for b, e in c_powers.iteritems()]))
if combine is 'exp':
return Mul(newexpr, Mul(*nc_part))
else:
# combine is 'all', get stuff ready for 'base'
if deep:
newexpr = expand_mul(newexpr, deep=False)
if newexpr.is_Add:
return powsimp(Mul(*nc_part), deep, combine='base', force=force) * \
Add(*[powsimp(i, deep, combine='base', force=force)
for i in newexpr.args])
else:
return powsimp(Mul(*nc_part), deep, combine='base', force=force)*\
powsimp(newexpr, deep, combine='base', force=force)
else:
# combine is 'base'
if deep:
expr = expand_mul(expr, deep=False)
if expr.is_Add:
return Add(*[powsimp(i, deep, combine, force) for i in expr.args])
else:
# Build c_powers and nc_part. These must both be lists not
# dicts because exp's are not combined.
c_powers = []
nc_part = []
for term in expr.args:
if term.is_commutative:
c_powers.append(list(term.as_base_exp()))
else:
# This is the logic that combines bases that are
# different and non-commutative, but with equal and
# commutative exponents: A**x*B**x == (A*B)**x.
if nc_part:
b1, e1 = nc_part[-1].as_base_exp()
b2, e2 = term.as_base_exp()
if (e1 == e2 and e2.is_commutative):
nc_part[-1] = Pow(Mul(b1, b2), e1)
continue
nc_part.append(term)
# Pull out numerical coefficients from exponent if assumptions allow
# e.g., 2**(2*x) => 4**x
for i in xrange(len(c_powers)):
b, e = c_powers[i]
if not (b.is_nonnegative or e.is_integer or force):
continue
exp_c, exp_t = e.as_coeff_mul()
if not (exp_c is S.One) and exp_t:
c_powers[i] = [Pow(b, exp_c), e._new_rawargs(*exp_t)]
# Combine bases whenever they have the same exponent and
# assumptions allow
# first gather the potential bases under the common exponent
c_exp = {}
for b, e in c_powers:
if deep:
e = powsimp(e, deep, combine, force)
c_exp.setdefault(e, []).append(b)
del c_powers
# Merge back in the results of the above to form a new product
c_powers = {}
for e in c_exp:
bases = c_exp[e]
# calculate the new base for e
if len(bases) == 1:
new_base = bases[0]
elif e.is_integer or force:
new_base = Mul(*bases)
else:
# see which ones can be joined
unk=[]
nonneg=[]
neg=[]
for bi in bases:
if not bi.is_negative is None: #then we know the sign
if bi.is_negative:
neg.append(bi)
else:
nonneg.append(bi)
else:
unk.append(bi)
if len(unk) == 1 and not neg or len(neg) == 1 and not unk:
# a single neg or a single unk can join the rest
nonneg.extend(unk + neg)
unk = neg = []
elif neg:
# their negative signs cancel in pairs
neg = [-w for w in neg]
if len(neg) % 2:
unk.append(S.NegativeOne)
# these shouldn't be joined
for b in unk:
c_powers.setdefault(b, []).append(e)
# here is a new joined base
new_base = Mul(*(nonneg + neg))
c_powers.setdefault(new_base, []).append(e)
# break out the powers from c_powers now
c_part = []
if combine == 'all':
#...joining the exponents
for b, e in c_powers.iteritems():
c_part.append(Pow(b, Add(*e)))
else:
#...joining nothing
for b, e in c_powers.iteritems():
for ei in e:
c_part.append(Pow(b, ei))
# we're done
return Mul(*(c_part + nc_part))
else:
return expr
[docs]def hypersimp(f, k):
"""Given combinatorial term f(k) simplify its consecutive term ratio
i.e. f(k+1)/f(k). The input term can be composed of functions and
integer sequences which have equivalent representation in terms
of gamma special function.
The algorithm performs three basic steps:
(1) Rewrite all functions in terms of gamma, if possible.
(2) Rewrite all occurrences of gamma in terms of products
of gamma and rising factorial with integer, absolute
constant exponent.
(3) Perform simplification of nested fractions, powers
and if the resulting expression is a quotient of
polynomials, reduce their total degree.
If f(k) is hypergeometric then as result we arrive with a
quotient of polynomials of minimal degree. Otherwise None
is returned.
For more information on the implemented algorithm refer to:
[1] W. Koepf, Algorithms for m-fold Hypergeometric Summation,
Journal of Symbolic Computation (1995) 20, 399-417
"""
f = sympify(f)
g = f.subs(k, k+1) / f
g = g.rewrite(gamma)
g = expand_func(g)
g = powsimp(g, deep=True, combine='exp')
if g.is_rational_function(k):
return simplify(g)
else:
return None
[docs]def hypersimilar(f, g, k):
"""Returns True if 'f' and 'g' are hyper-similar.
Similarity in hypergeometric sense means that a quotient of
f(k) and g(k) is a rational function in k. This procedure
is useful in solving recurrence relations.
For more information see hypersimp().
"""
f, g = map(sympify, (f, g))
h = (f/g).rewrite(gamma)
h = h.expand(func=True, basic=False)
return h.is_rational_function(k)
[docs]def combsimp(expr):
r"""
Simplify combinatorial expressions.
This function takes as input an expression containing factorials,
binomials, Pochhammer symbol and other "combinatorial" functions,
and tries to minimize the number of those functions and reduce
the size of their arguments. The result is be given in terms of
binomials and factorials.
The algorithm works by rewriting all combinatorial functions as
expressions involving rising factorials (Pochhammer symbols) and
applies recurrence relations and other transformations applicable
to rising factorials, to reduce their arguments, possibly letting
the resulting rising factorial to cancel. Rising factorials with
the second argument being an integer are expanded into polynomial
forms and finally all other rising factorial are rewritten in terms
more familiar binomials and factorials.
All transformation rules can be found (or was derived from) here:
1. http://functions.wolfram.com/GammaBetaErf/Pochhammer/17/01/02/
2. http://functions.wolfram.com/GammaBetaErf/Pochhammer/27/01/0005/
**Examples**
>>> from sympy.simplify import combsimp
>>> from sympy import factorial, binomial
>>> from sympy.abc import n, k
>>> combsimp(factorial(n)/factorial(n - 3))
n*(n - 2)*(n - 1)
>>> combsimp(binomial(n+1, k+1)/binomial(n, k))
(n + 1)/(k + 1)
"""
factorial = C.factorial
binomial = C.binomial
gamma = C.gamma
def as_coeff_Add(expr):
if expr.is_Add:
coeff, args = expr.args[0], expr.args[1:]
if coeff.is_Number:
if len(args) == 1:
return coeff, args[0]
else:
return coeff, expr._new_rawargs(*args)
return S.Zero, expr
class rf(Function):
@classmethod
def eval(cls, a, b):
if b.is_Integer:
if not b:
return S.Zero
n, result = int(b), S.One
if n > 0:
for i in xrange(0, n):
result *= a + i
return result
else:
for i in xrange(1, -n+1):
result *= a - i
return 1/result
else:
c, _b = as_coeff_Add(b)
if c.is_Integer:
if c > 0:
return rf(a, _b)*rf(a+_b, c)
elif c < 0:
return rf(a, _b)/rf(a+_b+c, -c)
c, _a = as_coeff_Add(a)
if c.is_Integer:
if c > 0:
return rf(_a, b)*rf(_a+b, c)/rf(_a, c)
elif c < 0:
return rf(_a, b)*rf(_a+c, -c)/rf(_a+b+c, -c)
expr = expr.replace(binomial,
lambda n, k: rf((n-k+1).expand(), k.expand())/rf(1, k.expand()))
expr = expr.replace(factorial,
lambda n: rf(1, n.expand()))
expr = expr.replace(gamma,
lambda n: rf(1, (n-1).expand()))
expr = expr.replace(rf,
lambda a, b: binomial(a+b-1, b)*factorial(b))
def rule(n, k):
coeff, rewrite = S.One, False
cn, _n = as_coeff_Add(n)
ck, _k = as_coeff_Add(k)
if cn.is_Integer and cn:
coeff *= rf(_n + 1, cn)/rf(_n - k + 1, cn)
rewrite = True
n = _n
if ck.is_Integer and ck:
coeff *= rf(n - ck - _k + 1, ck)/rf(_k + 1, ck)
rewrite = True
k = _k
if rewrite:
return coeff*binomial(n, k)
expr = expr.replace(binomial, rule)
return factor(expr)
[docs]def simplify(expr, ratio=1.7):
"""Naively simplifies the given expression.
Simplification is not a well defined term and the exact strategies
this function tries can change in the future versions of SymPy. If
your algorithm relies on "simplification" (whatever it is), try to
determine what you need exactly - is it powsimp()?, radsimp()?,
together()?, logcombine()?, or something else? And use this particular
function directly, because those are well defined and thus your algorithm
will be robust.
In some cases, applying :func:`simplify` may actually result in some more
complicated expression.
By default ``ratio=1.7`` prevents more extreme cases:
if (result length)/(input length) > ratio, then input is returned
unmodified (:func:`count_ops` is used to measure length).
For example, if ``ratio=1``, ``simplify`` output can't be longer
than input.
::
>>> from sympy import S, simplify, count_ops, oo
>>> root = S("(5/2 + 21**(1/2)/2)**(1/3)*(1/2 - I*3**(1/2)/2)"
... "+ 1/((1/2 - I*3**(1/2)/2)*(5/2 + 21**(1/2)/2)**(1/3))")
Since ``simplify(root)`` would result in a slightly longer expression,
root is returned inchanged instead::
>>> simplify(root, ratio=1) is root
True
If ``ratio=oo``, simplify will be applied anyway::
>>> count_ops(simplify(root, ratio=oo)) > count_ops(root)
True
Note that the shortest expression is not necessary the simplest, so
setting ``ratio`` to 1 may not be a good idea.
Heuristically, default value ``ratio=1.7`` seems like a reasonable choice.
"""
expr = sympify(expr)
if not isinstance(expr, Basic): # XXX: temporary hack
return expr
if isinstance(expr, Atom):
return expr
if isinstance(expr, C.Relational):
return expr.__class__(simplify(expr.lhs, ratio=ratio),
simplify(expr.rhs, ratio=ratio))
# TODO: Apply different strategies, considering expression pattern:
# is it a purely rational function? Is there any trigonometric function?...
# See also https://github.com/sympy/sympy/pull/185.
original_expr = expr
if expr.is_commutative is False:
return together(powsimp(expr))
expr = together(cancel(powsimp(expr)).expand())
if not isinstance(expr, Basic): # XXX: temporary hack
return expr
if expr.has(C.TrigonometricFunction):
expr = trigsimp(expr)
if expr.has(C.log):
expr = min([expand_log(expr, deep=True), logcombine(expr)],
key=count_ops)
if expr.has(C.CombinatorialFunction, gamma):
expr = combsimp(expr)
expr = powsimp(expr, combine='exp', deep=True)
numer, denom = expr.as_numer_denom()
if denom.is_Add:
a, b, c = map(Wild, 'abc')
r = denom.match(a + b*c**S.Half)
if r is not None and r[b]:
a, b, c = r[a], r[b], r[c]
numer *= a-b*c**S.Half
numer = numer.expand()
denom = a**2 - c*b**2
expr = numer/denom
if expr.could_extract_minus_sign():
n, d = expr.as_numer_denom()
if d != 0:
expr = -n/(-d)
if count_ops(expr) > ratio*count_ops(original_expr):
return original_expr
return expr
def _real_to_rational(expr):
"""
Replace all reals in expr with rationals.
>>> from sympy import nsimplify
>>> from sympy.abc import x
>>> nsimplify(.76 + .1*x**.5, rational=1)
x**(1/2)/10 + 19/25
"""
p = sympify(expr)
for r in p.atoms(C.Float):
newr = nsimplify(r)
if not newr.is_Rational or \
r.is_finite and not newr.is_finite:
newr = r
if newr < 0:
s = -1
newr *= s
else:
s = 1
d = Pow(10, int((mpmath.log(newr)/mpmath.log(10))))
newr = s*Rational(str(newr/d))*d
p = p.subs(r, newr)
return p
[docs]def nsimplify(expr, constants=[], tolerance=None, full=False, rational=False):
"""
Replace numbers with simple representations.
If rational=True then numbers are simply replaced with their rational
equivalents.
If rational=False, a simple formula that numerically matches the
given expression is sought (and the input should be possible to evalf
to a precision of at least 30 digits).
Optionally, a list of (rationally independent) constants to
include in the formula may be given.
A lower tolerance may be set to find less exact matches.
With full=True, a more extensive search is performed
(this is useful to find simpler numbers when the tolerance
is set low).
Examples:
>>> from sympy import nsimplify, sqrt, GoldenRatio, exp, I, exp, pi
>>> nsimplify(4/(1+sqrt(5)), [GoldenRatio])
-2 + 2*GoldenRatio
>>> nsimplify((1/(exp(3*pi*I/5)+1)))
1/2 - I*(5**(1/2)/10 + 1/4)**(1/2)
>>> nsimplify(I**I, [pi])
exp(-pi/2)
>>> nsimplify(pi, tolerance=0.01)
22/7
"""
if rational:
return _real_to_rational(expr)
expr = sympify(expr)
prec = 30
bprec = int(prec*3.33)
constants_dict = {}
for constant in constants:
constant = sympify(constant)
v = constant.evalf(prec)
if not v.is_Float:
raise ValueError("constants must be real-valued")
constants_dict[str(constant)] = v._to_mpmath(bprec)
exprval = expr.evalf(prec, chop=True)
re, im = exprval.as_real_imag()
# Must be numerical
if not ((re.is_Float or re.is_Integer) and (im.is_Float or im.is_Integer)):
return expr
def nsimplify_real(x):
orig = mpmath.mp.dps
xv = x._to_mpmath(bprec)
try:
# We'll be happy with low precision if a simple fraction
if not (tolerance or full):
mpmath.mp.dps = 15
rat = mpmath.findpoly(xv, 1)
if rat is not None:
return Rational(-int(rat[1]), int(rat[0]))
mpmath.mp.dps = prec
newexpr = mpmath.identify(xv, constants=constants_dict,
tol=tolerance, full=full)
if not newexpr:
raise ValueError
if full:
newexpr = newexpr[0]
return sympify(newexpr)
finally:
mpmath.mp.dps = orig
try:
if re: re = nsimplify_real(re)
if im: im = nsimplify_real(im)
except ValueError:
return expr
return re + im*S.ImaginaryUnit
def logcombine(expr, force=False):
"""
Takes logarithms and combines them using the following rules:
- log(x)+log(y) == log(x*y)
- a*log(x) == log(x**a)
These identities are only valid if x and y are positive and if a is real, so
the function will not combine the terms unless the arguments have the proper
assumptions on them. Use logcombine(func, force=True) to
automatically assume that the arguments of logs are positive and that
coefficients are real. Note that this will not change any assumptions
already in place, so if the coefficient is imaginary or the argument
negative, combine will still not combine the equations. Change the
assumptions on the variables to make them combine.
Examples:
>>> from sympy import Symbol, symbols, log, logcombine
>>> from sympy.abc import a, x, y, z
>>> logcombine(a*log(x)+log(y)-log(z))
a*log(x) + log(y) - log(z)
>>> logcombine(a*log(x)+log(y)-log(z), force=True)
log(x**a*y/z)
>>> x,y,z = symbols('x,y,z', positive=True)
>>> a = Symbol('a', real=True)
>>> logcombine(a*log(x)+log(y)-log(z))
log(x**a*y/z)
"""
# Try to make (a+bi)*log(x) == a*log(x)+bi*log(x). This needs to be a
# separate function call to avoid infinite recursion.
expr = expand_mul(expr, deep=False)
return _logcombine(expr, force)
def _logcombine(expr, force=False):
"""
Does the main work for logcombine, it's a separate function to avoid an
infinite recursion. See the docstrings of logcombine() for help.
"""
def _getlogargs(expr):
"""
Returns the arguments of the logarithm in an expression.
Example:
_getlogargs(a*log(x*y))
x*y
"""
if expr.func is log:
return [expr.args[0]]
else:
args = []
for i in expr.args:
if i.func is log:
args.append(_getlogargs(i))
return flatten(args)
return None
if type(expr) in (int, float) or expr.is_Number or expr.is_Rational or \
expr.is_NumberSymbol or type(expr) == C.Integral:
return expr
if isinstance(expr, Equality):
retval = Equality(_logcombine(expr.lhs-expr.rhs, force),\
Integer(0))
# If logcombine couldn't do much with the equality, try to make it like
# it was. Hopefully extract_additively won't become smart enought to
# take logs apart :)
right = retval.lhs.extract_additively(expr.lhs)
if right:
return Equality(expr.lhs, _logcombine(-right, force))
else:
return retval
if expr.is_Add:
argslist = 1
notlogs = 0
coeflogs = 0
for i in expr.args:
if i.func is log:
if (i.args[0].is_positive or (force and not \
i.args[0].is_nonpositive)):
argslist *= _logcombine(i.args[0], force)
else:
notlogs += i
elif i.is_Mul and any(map(lambda t: getattr(t,'func', False)==log,\
i.args)):
largs = _getlogargs(i)
assert len(largs) != 0
loglargs = 1
for j in largs:
loglargs *= log(j)
if all(getattr(t,'is_positive') for t in largs)\
and getattr(i.extract_multiplicatively(loglargs),'is_real', False)\
or (force\
and not all(getattr(t,'is_nonpositive') for t in largs)\
and not getattr(i.extract_multiplicatively(loglargs),\
'is_real')==False):
coeflogs += _logcombine(i, force)
else:
notlogs += i
elif i.has(log):
notlogs += _logcombine(i, force)
else:
notlogs += i
if notlogs + log(argslist) + coeflogs == expr:
return expr
else:
alllogs = _logcombine(log(argslist) + coeflogs, force)
return notlogs + alllogs
if expr.is_Mul:
a = Wild('a')
x = Wild('x')
coef = expr.match(a*log(x))
if coef\
and (coef[a].is_real\
or expr.is_Number\
or expr.is_NumberSymbol\
or type(coef[a]) in (int, float)\
or (force\
and not coef[a].is_imaginary))\
and (coef[a].func != log\
or force\
or (not getattr(coef[a],'is_real')==False\
and getattr(x, 'is_positive'))):
return log(coef[x]**coef[a])
else:
return _logcombine(expr.args[0], force)*reduce(lambda x, y:\
_logcombine(x, force)*_logcombine(y, force),\
expr.args[1:], 1)
if expr.is_Function:
return expr.func(*map(lambda t: _logcombine(t, force), expr.args))
if expr.is_Pow:
return _logcombine(expr.args[0], force)**\
_logcombine(expr.args[1], force)
return expr